Vegetable oils and fats in comparison with diesel fuel have high viscosity, by trans-esterification method the viscosity of oil can be decreased. Trans-esterification of triglyceride with alcohol is one of the methods for production of biodiesel. In this study sunflower oil, methanol and ethanol, with molar ratio of (1: 3, 1: 4, 1: 6, 1: 8) and temperature (40, 50, 60oC) were dependent parameters employing potassium hydroxide as a catalyst at the concentration of 1%. The reaction was carried out for 90 min at 600 rpm. The product viscosity was measured at 40ºC.Gas chromatogram showed that the highest yield of methyl and ethyl ester of sun flower oil at 1: 8 molar ratio of oil to alcohol at 60oC could be obtained. The conversion rates were 96% and 85% for methyl ester and ethyl ester respectively. It was found that temperature and the ratio of oil to alcohol are two important factors in biodiesel production and thus increasing biodiesel yields. The result suggested that molar ratio of methanol to oil (1: 8) at 60oC for biodiesel production is optimal.

Alkaline earth metal oxides (CaO–MgO) are employed as a heterogeneous catalyst in the manufacture of biodiesel from non-edible oils such as olive, sunflower, and corn. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of temperatures on the catalytic conversion of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using CaO–MgO. The catalyst was used to investigate the temperatures effect on the trans-esterification reaction. The best circumstances were studied a methanol to oil ratio of 6:1 and temperatures of 30-60 °C. The temperatures of the reaction has a considerable influence on the trans-esterification reaction, with optimum biodiesel conversion occurring at 60 °C and a yield 99%, with R2 values larger than 0.70. CaO–MgO catalyst exhibited 99% yield and strong catalytic activity. According to the experimental results, the CaO–MgO heterogeneous catalyst can obtain biodiesel of high yields that are comparable to those cited in the citations.

Energy obtained from renewable sources has increased its participation in the energy matrix worldwide, and it is expected to maintain this tendency. Both in large and small scales, there have been numerous developments and research with the aim of generating fuels and energy using different raw materials such as alternative crops, algae and waste cooking oil.Capparis spinosa seed (containing 32% triglycerides) is used as an excellent source for biodiesel production. In this work, biodiesel (Fatty acid methyl ester) is produced by trans-esterification of Capparis spinosa oil, in the presence of methanol and sodium hydroxide as an alkaline catalyst. According to data collection, pilot of biodiesel production is simulated by using HYSYS v3.2 software. The yield of biodiesel in the presence of sodium hydroxide was considered 94%. The results of FTIR and GC-MS spectra showed transesterification reaction has been complete. According to the results, the produced biodiesel is in the range of ASTM Standard.

In this study, poly carbonate (PC) and poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were reactive melt-blended under two different conditions to produce PC/PET copolymers. For each condition, samples were taken at specified mixing times representative a specific structure of copolymers and each one employed to physically compatibilize a PC/PET blend with a fixed composition. Reactive blending and copolymer structure are described by solubility analysis results. Continues declining and going through a minimum are two trends of solubility versus mixing time depending on reactive blending condition. Decreasing and increasing patterns of solubility curves were attributed to the formation of copolymers with longer and shorter block lengths, respectively, and the level of solubility was related to the amount of produced copolymers. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were employed to investigate blend compatibility. The content and structure of copolymers showed favorable correlation of Tg differences of blend components and PET crystallinity. As expected, Tg of blend components approached to each other by the addition of copolymers, and the copolymers with longer block length caused less Tg differences. The melting point and crystallinity of PET were affected by introducing the copolymers too. In addition to the main melting endotherm, melting endotherm peaks of compatibilized blends had a shoulder that its corresponding melting point and crystallinity are related to the copolymer structure so that the longer length of block copolymer or higher its amount leads to the higher melting points. The SEM micrographs showed that, after the addition of the copolymer, smaller PET particles formed and uniformly dispersed in the PC matrix. A strong correlation between the blend morphology and the level of blend compatibility was demonstrated. The more compatibilized PC/PET blend, the better dispersion of PET particles in the PC matrix was obtained. The results of this study could be a basis for designing and production of compatibilizers suitable to achieve a desired level of compatibility in PC and polyester blends, specially in PC/PET blend.

This study is concerned with the viability of producing biodiesel from waste beef bone fat and evaluate this product according to the quality requirements defined by ASTM D- 6751. Accordingly, beef bone fat was heated to remove the moisture under vacuum at 60oC Alkaline Catalysed Transesterfication was carried out by using 6:1 molar ratio of ethanol to fat in the presence of 1% w/w sodium hydroxide, at 78oC for 2h. Acid- Catalysed Transesterfication reaction of beef bone fat was carried out using 30:1 molar of ethanol to fat in the presence of 1% sulfuric acid at 78oC, for 69h. Two- stage acid base trans esterification is also carried out for biodiesel production. The resulted biodiesel from alkaline reaction meet the quality requirement better than the acid reaction but both biodiesel did not comply with the European Standard parameters namely kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, density, and cloud point.